Anti-Poaching in Burundi 2026 — Wildlife Crime & Conservation

Anti-Poaching in Burundi 2026: Current Status

Burundi's wildlife faces significant poaching pressure, particularly from bushmeat hunting in its protected reserves. While the country lacks the high-profile elephant and rhino crises of East and Southern Africa, illegal hunting of small mammals, birds, and forest antelopes threatens biodiversity in reserves like Kibira and Rusizi. Bushfire damage compounds these threats: Burundi's protected areas experience recurring fires—some deliberate—that destroy habitat and force wildlife into poacher-accessible margins. Anti-poaching capacity remains limited compared to regional neighbours, but community engagement and transnational ranger coordination are beginning to shift the landscape.

Why Anti-Poaching Matters in Burundi

Burundi, a small East-Central African nation, harbours critical forest and wetland ecosystems that sustain endemic and migratory species. The country's three main protected areas—Kibira National Park, Rusizi National Park, and Ruvubu National Park—anchor biodiversity corridors shared with Rwanda, Tanzania, and the Democratic Republic of Congo. These reserves are refuges for forest elephants, buffalo, hippopotamus, various antelope species, and critically endangered birds. However, poverty, weak state capacity, and porous borders make these parks vulnerable to organized bushmeat poaching and trafficking networks that extend into regional markets.

Unlike the ivory and rhino horn trade that dominate headlines in Kenya or Zimbabwe, Burundi's primary poaching driver is subsistence and commercial bushmeat hunting. Local hunters and organized syndicates kill wildlife for protein and income, targeting both common species and rare forest inhabitants. This "hidden crisis"—as conservation researchers term it—affects millions of African animals annually and often goes undocumented in global wildlife crime statistics.

Key Threats to Burundi's Wildlife

Bushmeat Poaching and Illegal Hunting

Bushmeat poaching is the dominant wildlife crime in Burundi's protected areas. Snares, wire traps, and rifles are used to kill antelopes, duikers, hyraxes, and other small ungulates for sale in urban markets and cross-border trade. Unlike high-value ivory trafficking, bushmeat crimes are harder to detect and prosecute, yet their cumulative impact on population viability is severe. In neighbouring protected areas where ranger capacity has improved—such as Republic of Congo's Nouabale Ndoki National Park—law enforcement teams have seized thousands of snares: one operation recovered 3,875 snares and 2,743 kg of illegal bushmeat, demonstrating the scale of the trade.

Habitat Loss and Bushfire Damage

Burundi's reserves face a compounding threat: uncontrolled bushfires. Fires in protected areas are prohibited by law, but runaway infernos—some deliberate, some accidental—are destroying critical habitat and fragmenting wildlife corridors. As vegetation burns, animals are displaced into unprotected farmland and become easier targets for poachers. Climate stress and human settlement expansion increase fire frequency, creating a vicious cycle of habitat degradation and increased poaching vulnerability.

Weak Enforcement Capacity and Corruption

Burundi's wildlife authority operates with limited funding, training, and equipment compared to regional peers. Ranger teams are often poorly paid, inadequately equipped, and stationed in remote areas with minimal logistical support. This creates vulnerability to corruption: underpaid rangers may tolerate poaching or even participate in it. Cross-border poaching is particularly challenging: hunters from neighbouring countries exploit weak border control to access Burundi's reserves and flee with contraband.

Poverty and Alternative Livelihoods

Rural communities surrounding Burundi's parks depend heavily on natural resource extraction for survival. Hunting, fishing, and timber cutting provide immediate income when formal employment is scarce. Without viable alternatives, local people have limited incentive to report poachers or protect wildlife. This dynamic—where conservation and livelihoods appear to conflict—is the root cause of many anti-poaching failures across Africa.

Anti-Poaching Efforts in Burundi: Programmes and Organisations

Ranger Patrols and Protected Area Management

Burundi's three national parks employ ranger teams responsible for ground-level anti-poaching patrols. Kibira National Park, the largest forest reserve, operates ranger squads conducting foot and vehicle patrols to intercept poachers and remove snares. Rusizi National Park rangers patrol wetland boundaries to protect hippopotamus and bird populations. Ruvubu National Park (also called Ruvuvu) focuses on savanna and riverine habitat protection.

These ranger teams form the "first line of defence" against illegal wildlife trade. However, ranger squads are typically equipped with only basic firearms and uniforms—not the advanced technology or vehicles deployed in better-resourced parks. Pre-patrol briefings, intelligence gathering, and evidence documentation remain inconsistent across reserves.

Community Engagement and Local Ranger Networks

International conservation organisations working in East Africa have identified community engagement as essential to anti-poaching success. Programmes funded by the European Union and implemented through partners like the International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW) and African Wildlife Foundation (AWF) have trained community wildlife rangers in the Greater Kilimanjaro region and beyond. These models are being adapted for Burundi's context:

• Community outreach officers listen to local grievances (crop damage, water access) and connect communities with park authorities, building trust.
• Community wildlife rangers—often recruited from local villages—conduct patrols, report poaching activity, and help rescue wildlife in conflict situations.
• Non-lethal deterrence training teaches farmers to use torches, horns, and other methods to ward off wildlife, reducing human-wildlife conflict that can escalate to poaching.
• Motorbike patrols have proven effective in East African reserves for tackling bushmeat poaching, with documented declines in reported cases where scout networks are established.

In Burundi, community ranger recruitment is still nascent but growing, with support from regional conservation networks and donor funding.

Intelligence Gathering and Law Enforcement Coordination

Effective anti-poaching requires intelligence on poaching networks, trafficking routes, and demand drivers. Conservation organisations emphasise intelligence-led enforcement: by mapping poaching syndicates and intercepting contraband before it leaves protected areas, rangers can dismantle trafficking rings rather than merely reacting to incidents. Burundi's wildlife authority is developing capacity in crime scene management, evidence collection, and inter-agency coordination with customs and police, though progress is uneven.

Transnational coordination is critical: poaching networks operate across borders. Burundi's parks share boundaries with Rwanda, Tanzania, and the Democratic Republic of Congo. Joint ranger patrols and intelligence-sharing agreements—modelled on successful initiatives in the Kilimanjaro region—are essential to prevent poachers from exploiting jurisdictional gaps.

Technology and Innovation

Advanced anti-poaching technology—drones with infrared sensors, AI-enabled wildlife tracking collars, real-time alert systems—has proven transformative in better-resourced African reserves. For example, Animal Survival International (ASI) supported the Matetsi Anti-Poaching Unit in Zimbabwe's Victoria Falls region by replacing a patrol boat and supplying a drone equipped with infrared technology to monitor vast border areas. Similar tools are being piloted in East African parks, but cost remains a barrier for Burundi's underfunded reserves. Capacity building in drone operation and data analysis is a priority for the coming years.

Regional Context: East African Anti-Poaching Networks

Burundi does not operate in isolation. Regional conservation initiatives—particularly those coordinated through the East African Community and supported by donors like the U.S. State Department—create opportunities for knowledge-sharing and joint enforcement. The 2024 U.S. END Wildlife Trafficking Strategic Review documented tangible results from USAID-supported law enforcement across Africa: Uganda recorded 368 wildlife crime prosecutions and 278 convictions; Madagascar apprehended traffickers with 59 radiated tortoises; and Republic of Congo rangers seized 3,875 snares and 2,743 kg of illegal bushmeat. Burundi can leverage these proven models and regional expertise to strengthen its own capacity.

Rwanda, Burundi's northern neighbour, has adopted a wildlife crime prosecution toolkit to assist investigators and prosecutors—a framework Burundi is beginning to study for adaptation. These cross-border learning networks are essential given the transnational nature of wildlife crime.

The Role of Community and Tourism in Funding Anti-Poaching

Sustainable safari tourism is a critical revenue source for anti-poaching. When visitors book safaris in Burundi's protected areas, entrance fees, guide fees, and lodge spending flow back into park management and ranger salaries. On SafariFind, travellers can compare Lake Tanganyika packages and other conservation-supporting tours that directly fund on-ground protection.

Beyond direct revenue, tourism creates economic incentive for communities to protect wildlife: if wildlife is alive and visible, it attracts tourists and generates jobs. This "conservation-compatible enterprise" model—where protected areas generate sustainable income—is vital to reducing poaching pressure. Burundi's tourism sector remains small but growing, with potential to strengthen anti-poaching funding if marketed responsibly and revenues are transparently reinvested in park management.

Challenges and Setbacks

Funding Gaps

Global spending on wildlife crime prevention is substantial but unevenly distributed. Across 67 African and Asian countries, approximately $260 million per year is spent combating wildlife crime—a figure that sounds large but is spread thinly. Burundi receives a small fraction of this, and donor funding is often project-based and temporary rather than providing sustained core support for ranger salaries and operations. When funding ends, programmes collapse.

Ranger Safety and Attrition

Anti-poaching is dangerous work. Globally, over 150 rangers are killed annually in the line of duty protecting wildlife. While Burundi has not experienced the militarized poaching conflicts seen in Central Africa, ranger safety remains a concern. Low pay, poor working conditions, and lack of family support drive experienced rangers to leave, reducing institutional knowledge and operational effectiveness. Initiatives like "For Rangers" that provide life insurance and family support are beginning to address this, but resources are limited.

Corruption and Complicity

Underpaid rangers are vulnerable to bribery. Poachers may offer cash to rangers to ignore illegal activity or provide intelligence on patrol routes. Addressing corruption requires not just better pay but also transparent management, accountability mechanisms, and community oversight. Burundi's progress on this front is incremental and faces institutional challenges.

Bushfire Damage and Climate Stress

Burundi's protected areas continue to suffer from uncontrolled bushfires, some deliberate (to clear land for agriculture or hunting) and some from climate-driven drought. Fire management and habitat restoration are resource-intensive and often underfunded. Without investment in fire prevention and reforestation, poaching pressure will only increase as habitat shrinks.

Documented Progress and Wins

While challenges are real, there are encouraging signs:

• Transnational ranger networks: Burundi's parks are increasingly coordinating with Rwanda, Tanzania, and DRC rangers through regional forums, improving intelligence-sharing and joint patrols.
• Community ranger recruitment: Local communities are being trained and employed as rangers, creating local buy-in and reducing poaching from within communities.
• Bushfire policy: Burundi's law prohibiting fires in protected areas is being enforced more consistently, with ranger teams responding to illegal fire-setting.
• Donor support: International conservation organisations (ASI, IFAW, AWF, C.R.O.W.) are increasing engagement in East-Central Africa, bringing funding, training, and technology to the region.

In comparable reserves where anti-poaching investment has been sustained—such as North Luangwa National Park in Zambia, where zero poaching has been recorded since rhinos were reintroduced in 2003—the payoff is clear. Burundi's reserves have the potential to achieve similar results with sustained commitment.

How Travellers Can Support Anti-Poaching in Burundi

Responsible tourism directly funds conservation:

• Book through conservation-certified operators: Choose safari companies that transparently allocate fees to park management and ranger salaries.
• Visit protected areas: Your entrance fees support on-ground anti-poaching operations. Rusizi National Park walking safaris and Kibira National Park tours are accessible entry points.
• Support community-based tourism: Stay with locally-owned lodges and hire local guides, ensuring money reaches communities that border reserves.
• Engage respectfully: Follow ranger guidance, stay on designated trails, and report any poaching activity you observe to park authorities.
• Donate directly: Organisations like Animal Survival International, C.R.O.W., and regional conservation groups accept donations specifically for anti-poaching ranger training and equipment in East-Central Africa.

Tourism is not a panacea for poaching, but when structured to benefit communities and fund rangers, it creates powerful incentives for wildlife protection.

Looking Forward: Anti-Poaching in Burundi 2026 and Beyond

Burundi's anti-poaching landscape is at an inflection point. The country faces real constraints—limited state capacity, poverty, habitat loss—but also unprecedented regional support and global attention to wildlife crime. Key priorities for the next 2–3 years include:

• Scaling community ranger networks and ensuring sustainable salaries.
• Investing in ranger training in crime scene management, evidence preservation, and prosecution support.
• Deploying cost-effective technology (drones, camera traps, GPS collars) in priority reserves.
• Strengthening transnational patrols and intelligence-sharing with Rwanda, Tanzania, and DRC.
• Addressing bushfire management through prevention, early response, and habitat restoration.
• Expanding sustainable tourism revenue to fund core anti-poaching operations.

Last reviewed August 2026. Conservation data changes — see the cited sources for the latest figures.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the main poaching threat in Burundi?

Bushmeat hunting—the illegal killing of small mammals, antelopes, birds, and other forest wildlife for subsistence and commercial sale—is the dominant poaching threat in Burundi's protected areas. Unlike the elephant and rhino poaching that dominates headlines in East and Southern Africa, Burundi's wildlife crime is driven by local and regional bushmeat demand. This 'hidden crisis' affects millions of animals annually but often goes undocumented in global statistics.

Which protected areas in Burundi have anti-poaching rangers?

Burundi's three main protected areas—Kibira National Park, Rusizi National Park, and Ruvubu National Park—employ ranger teams responsible for anti-poaching patrols. Kibira is the largest forest reserve; Rusizi protects wetlands and hippopotamus populations; and Ruvubu focuses on savanna and riverine habitat. All three face poaching pressure and are strengthening ranger capacity with support from regional and international conservation organisations.

How much funding does Burundi's anti-poaching receive?

Specific figures for Burundi are not publicly available, but globally approximately $260 million per year is spent combating wildlife crime across 67 African and Asian countries—a figure spread thinly across the continent. Burundi receives a small fraction of this, often through project-based donor funding rather than sustained core support. Funding gaps remain a critical constraint on ranger recruitment, training, and equipment.

What role do local communities play in anti-poaching?

Community engagement is essential to anti-poaching success. Local communities are trained as wildlife rangers, conduct patrols, and report poaching activity. Community outreach officers address local grievances (crop damage, water access) and build trust between communities and park authorities. Non-lethal wildlife deterrence training helps farmers protect crops without killing animals, reducing human-wildlife conflict that can escalate to poaching. Motorbike patrols by community rangers have proven effective at reducing bushmeat poaching in East African reserves.

How do bushfires threaten wildlife in Burundi?

Burundi's protected areas experience recurring bushfires—some deliberate (to clear land for agriculture or hunting) and some accidental—that destroy critical habitat and fragment wildlife corridors. As vegetation burns, animals are displaced into unprotected farmland and become easier targets for poachers. Fire management and habitat restoration are underfunded priorities. Burundi's law prohibits fires in protected areas, and enforcement is improving, but climate stress and human settlement expansion increase fire frequency.

What technology is being used for anti-poaching in Burundi?

Advanced anti-poaching technology—drones with infrared sensors, AI-enabled wildlife tracking collars, real-time alert systems—has proven effective in better-resourced African reserves. However, cost remains a barrier for Burundi's underfunded parks. Capacity building in drone operation and data analysis is a priority, with support from international conservation organisations. In the region, organisations like Animal Survival International have supplied drones to anti-poaching units in Victoria Falls (Zimbabwe) with measurable success.

How does tourism funding support anti-poaching in Burundi?

Sustainable safari tourism generates revenue for anti-poaching through entrance fees, guide payments, and lodge spending. When visitors book safaris in Burundi's protected areas, revenue flows back into park management and ranger salaries. Tourism also creates economic incentive for communities to protect wildlife: living wildlife attracts tourists and generates jobs. This 'conservation-compatible enterprise' model is vital to reducing poaching pressure and providing alternatives to hunting-based livelihoods.

What is being done to reduce corruption among rangers?

Underpaid rangers are vulnerable to bribery from poachers. Addressing corruption requires better pay, transparent management, accountability mechanisms, and community oversight. Initiatives like 'For Rangers' provide life insurance and family support to improve ranger morale and motivation. Evidence from rhino conservation shows that improved morale, visible leadership, proper equipment and training, and recognition of exceptional service reduce corruption and strengthen ranger dedication.

Are there transnational anti-poaching efforts involving Burundi?

Yes. Burundi's parks share boundaries with Rwanda, Tanzania, and the Democratic Republic of Congo, and poaching networks operate across borders. Transnational ranger coordination and intelligence-sharing agreements are essential to prevent poachers from exploiting jurisdictional gaps. Burundi is increasingly participating in regional conservation forums and learning from successful initiatives like those in the Kilimanjaro region, where European Union funding has supported community ranger networks.

What percentage of poaching has been reduced in comparable African reserves?

In reserves with sustained anti-poaching investment, results can be dramatic. In Republic of Congo's Nouabale Ndoki National Park, improved ranger capacity led to a reduction in elephant poaching by more than 70 percent—from 18 killed in 2020 to five in 2022. In North Luangwa National Park, Zambia, zero poaching has been recorded since rhinos were reintroduced in 2003, sustained by community engagement and ranger training. Burundi's reserves have similar potential with committed funding and support.

How many rangers are killed annually protecting wildlife?

Globally, over 150 rangers are killed annually in the line of duty protecting wildlife. Anti-poaching is dangerous work, particularly in conflict zones or when facing armed poaching syndicates. While Burundi has not experienced the militarized poaching conflicts seen in Central Africa, ranger safety remains a concern. Low pay, poor working conditions, and lack of family support drive experienced rangers to leave, reducing institutional knowledge and operational effectiveness.