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Lion conservation in Malawi has moved from extinction risk towards carefully managed recovery, with reintroductions in Majete and Liwonde. Prey poaching, human–lion conflict, habitat pressure and limited conservation funding remain serious challenges.
Quick answer: Lions in Malawi were until recently at real risk of national extinction, but coordinated reintroductions, protected-area management and monitoring have rebuilt populations in Majete Wildlife Reserve and Liwonde National Park. Lions remain vulnerable, however: prey poaching for bushmeat, habitat pressure, human–wildlife conflict and inadequate long-term funding continue to threaten recovery .
Last reviewed August 2026. Conservation data changes — see the cited sources for the latest figures.
Lions are apex predators and an important indicator of the health of large protected ecosystems. Protecting a viable lion population also requires safeguarding prey, habitat, ranger operations and ecological processes that support many other species .
Across Africa, the scale of the decline explains why Malawi’s recovery is significant. African Parks reports that more than 200,000 wild lions lived across the continent just over a century ago, compared with about 20,000 lions remaining in wilderness areas today . Lions are extinct in 26 African countries, according to African Parks, and the International Union for Conservation of Nature classifies the species as Vulnerable on its Red List .
Malawi’s protected areas provide important opportunities for restoring wildlife communities that had been severely depleted. Majete Wildlife Reserve, Liwonde National Park and other reserves are managed within a wider national effort to restore parks, rebuild wildlife populations and support tourism and surrounding communities . This makes a Malawi wildlife safari in Liwonde more than a big-cat viewing experience: it takes place in a landscape where predator restoration remains an active conservation process.
Majete’s lion population was re-established after the reserve’s pride had been entirely poached out decades earlier. African Parks reintroduced lions to Majete in 2012, and the population subsequently grew enough to help repopulate Liwonde .
Lions returned to Liwonde National Park in February 2018, after the species had been absent from the park for approximately 20 years. African Parks, working with Malawi’s Department of National Parks and Wildlife, released two mature males into enclosed bomas after translocating them from Majete Wildlife Reserve . A separate African Parks account records that nine lions were translocated to Liwonde during the return operation .
The reintroduction was supported by the Malawian Government, the Dutch Government, the Lion Recovery Fund and the Leonardo DiCaprio Foundation . It was intended to restore a missing apex predator while contributing to the broader rehabilitation of Liwonde’s wildlife populations and tourism economy .
The most immediate ecological problem for lions is often not the lion itself but the availability of wild prey. The Lion Recovery Fund identifies severe poaching of prey for bushmeat as a major threat to Malawi’s lions . When antelope and other prey species are removed from a protected area, lions may face food shortages or turn more frequently to livestock.
Illegal bushmeat trade can therefore damage both wildlife populations and relationships between protected areas and neighbouring communities. The Lion Recovery Fund supported Lilongwe Wildlife Trust to communicate the value of lions as a national asset and to raise awareness of the links between bushmeat poaching, illegal wildlife products and Malawi’s tourism industry . A later grant supported anti-trafficking work, disruption of the commercial bushmeat trade and engagement with authorities on bushmeat poaching .
This is why lion protection is closely connected with wider anti-poaching work in Malawi. Patrols that protect prey also protect lions, elephants, buffalo and other wildlife from the same illegal exploitation pressures.
Lions require sufficiently large, connected areas containing prey, water and safe breeding habitat. Across Africa, habitat loss and fragmentation are recognised drivers of lion decline, alongside prey depletion, conflict and targeted poaching .
Fragmentation also increases the likelihood that lions encounter farms, villages and livestock. A protected area can contain lions successfully only when its boundaries are effectively managed and the surrounding land uses are considered. Research on threatened free-ranging lion populations concludes that conservation cannot be delivered by conservation organisations alone; policymakers, land-use planners, local communities, traditional leaders, governments and development experts all have roles to play .
Conflict becomes more likely when lions live near livestock, when natural prey is scarce or when people have limited tolerance for predators. The Lion Recovery Fund specifically identifies low tolerance among some local people as a barrier to natural lion recolonisation in Malawi .
Conflict is not simply an attitude problem. Livestock losses can affect household income and food security, so conservation responses need to address practical risks as well as perceptions. Effective approaches generally combine reliable monitoring, rapid response, protected-area management and communication with communities; the Malawi research supplied for this article does not establish a single national method or a national compensation result, so claims of universal success would be premature.
Drought can reduce natural prey numbers and increase livestock predation, while habitat conversion intensifies pressure on remaining wildlife areas . Lions can also be exposed to diseases including canine distemper virus, babesiosis and feline immunodeficiency virus . The available Malawi-specific research does not provide a current national disease prevalence figure, so these risks should be understood as management considerations rather than evidence of a documented Malawi-wide outbreak.
Conservation funding is a structural challenge. A study of protected areas with lions estimated that Malawi required a minimum of approximately US$690 million in funding under its national-level calculation, with about US$6 million in state funding and US$681 million in donor funding reported in the study’s table . This is a funding requirement for the country’s lion-containing protected-area system, not a lion-specific annual budget or a guarantee that the full amount is currently available.
The same study explains that lions are affected by habitat loss, prey depletion, retaliatory killing and targeted poaching, and that investment in lion conservation can also help protect other species and ecosystem functions . The implication is clear: reintroducing lions is only one stage of recovery. Long-term patrols, ecological monitoring, community engagement and prey protection require sustained finance.
African Parks has worked with Malawi’s Department of National Parks and Wildlife to reintroduce lions and restore wildlife in Majete and Liwonde . The approach treats lions as part of a functioning ecosystem rather than as an isolated attraction. The success of the Majete population created an opportunity to provide founder animals for Liwonde .
Restoration also involves protecting the wider wildlife community. Travellers interested in the relationship between predator recovery and broader park restoration can read SafariFind’s guide to African elephant conservation in Malawi, since elephants, prey species and predators depend on overlapping protection systems.
Majete illustrates that recovery can create new management dilemmas. A 2025 Mongabay report said officials estimated the reserve’s lion population at between 80 and 100 after three lions were introduced in 2012 . The report also described concern that rising lion numbers were affecting prey populations and pushing some animals towards neighbouring villages .
In response, African Parks introduced a reproductive-management programme in 2022 using deslorelin implants. The implants suppress reproductive cycles in treated females for approximately two years; the report said about 80% of the population was selected for contraception, with adult breeding-age females the primary candidates . The stated aim is to maintain ecological balance and keep predator and prey populations sustainable .
This intervention should be presented carefully. It is not evidence that lion conservation has failed; it shows that successful restoration can require active, evidence-informed decisions when a fenced or bounded reserve has limited space and a finite prey base. The study cited by Mongabay reported that deslorelin reduced reproductive output more effectively than unilateral hysterectomy, while also recording more side effects than the surgical alternative .
Monitoring is essential because managers need to know where lions are, how prides are structured, how animals use habitat and how they interact with prey and people. A 2026 account from Northeastern University described research-team monitoring of lions, cheetahs and wild dogs in Liwonde, including recording locations, behaviour and social associations .
That kind of field data supports decisions about reintroductions, breeding, conflict response and ecological balance. It also helps avoid treating a released lion as a conservation result without checking whether the population is surviving, reproducing and remaining compatible with the available habitat and prey.
Lilongwe Wildlife Trust’s Lion Recovery Fund-supported communications campaign sought to reframe lions as a national treasure and asset for Malawi, while explaining the threats posed by bushmeat and carnivore-product trade . The Lion Recovery Fund’s 2020 progress report also records support for anti-trafficking and bushmeat-poaching engagement in Malawi .
Tourism can contribute to conservation when park revenue, employment and partnerships help sustain protection and create reasons to retain wildlife. African Parks describes lion restoration in Malawi as part of an effort to rehabilitate parks, restore wildlife and encourage tourism for the benefit of local communities .
That benefit is not automatic. A safari destination must maintain credible governance, transparent conservation priorities and meaningful local participation. The broader scientific literature stresses that effective lion conservation requires the engagement of communities, traditional leadership, governments, policymakers and economic planners, alongside conservationists .
Visitors choosing a responsibly managed safari lodge in Malawi can ask how their stay supports the park, whether local staff and suppliers are involved, and how wildlife–community challenges are handled. Travellers can book conservation-supporting safaris on SafariFind, but the responsible choice is to assess the operator’s practices rather than assume every safari contributes equally.
| Conservation development | What the research shows | What remains unresolved |
|---|---|---|
| Majete reintroduction | Lions were reintroduced in 2012, and the population later grew enough to support Liwonde’s repopulation . | Managers must balance lion numbers with prey availability and neighbouring-community risks . |
| Liwonde return | Lions returned in 2018 after about 20 years of absence, through a partnership involving African Parks and Malawi’s Department of National Parks and Wildlife . | Long-term population viability, prey security and conflict management require continuing monitoring and funding . |
| Public engagement | Lilongwe Wildlife Trust received support for behaviour-change communication and later anti-trafficking work . | The available research does not provide a current national measure of changed attitudes or reduced bushmeat demand. |
| Population management | Majete began using deslorelin implants in 2022 to reduce reproductive output in selected lionesses . | The intervention has documented trade-offs, including side effects, and requires ongoing ecological assessment . |
The overall picture is therefore one of genuine progress, not a completed recovery. Malawi has demonstrated that lions can be returned to landscapes where they had disappeared, but reintroduction is not the same as securing a self-sustaining national population. Prey protection, habitat security, social tolerance, ranger capacity and reliable finance remain fundamental.
A Malawi lion safari is most responsible when it treats sightings as a privilege within a working conservation landscape. The long-term test will be whether protected areas can maintain viable lions and prey while reducing conflict and delivering tangible value to the people who live alongside them.
Lions in Malawi were recently at real risk of extinction nationally, but reintroductions in Majete Wildlife Reserve and Liwonde National Park have improved their prospects. The species remains Vulnerable globally and faces prey poaching, habitat pressure and human–lion conflict .
The research identifies Majete Wildlife Reserve and Liwonde National Park as Malawi’s key lion-recovery sites. Lions were reintroduced to Majete in 2012 and returned to Liwonde in 2018 .
Lions returned to Liwonde in February 2018, after approximately 20 years without the species in the park .
African Parks reports that about 20,000 lions remain in wilderness areas across Africa, compared with more than 200,000 just over a century ago .
Severe poaching of lion prey for bushmeat is one of the major threats identified specifically for Malawi. Low tolerance among some local people and the resulting risk of conflict are also important challenges .
Bushmeat poaching removes the wild prey lions need and can increase the likelihood that lions target livestock. It also damages wider wildlife populations and can undermine tourism and community support .
African Parks began using deslorelin implants in 2022 to reduce the reproductive output of selected lionesses and help keep predator and prey populations ecologically sustainable in Majete .
Tourism is intended to support park restoration and benefit local communities, according to African Parks, but its conservation value depends on responsible management, local participation and sustained funding .
African Parks has worked with Malawi’s Department of National Parks and Wildlife on lion reintroductions in Majete and Liwonde. The Lion Recovery Fund and government and philanthropic partners have also supported the work .
Visitors can choose responsibly managed safaris, follow wildlife-viewing rules, support operators that explain their community and conservation partnerships, and avoid buying wildlife products linked to illegal trade .
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