Human–Wildlife Conflict in Mozambique: Conservation in 2026

Quick answer: Human–wildlife conflict in Mozambique is a serious threat to people, livelihoods and wildlife, with elephants, crocodiles, hippos, lions and buffalo identified as the main problematic species. Communities living in and around protected areas face crop damage, livestock losses, injuries and deaths, while wildlife may be killed in retaliation or during conflict incidents.

Conservation responses in 2026 combine community-led early warning, elephant deterrence, protected farmland, ranger teams, fencing, improved communications and digital monitoring. Results are encouraging in particular project areas, but they should not be treated as national trends: Mozambique still faces limited funding and capacity, inadequate infrastructure, climate-related disruption and the difficult reality that people live inside or beside many conservation areas.

Last reviewed August 2026. Conservation data changes — see the cited sources for the latest figures.

Why human–wildlife conflict matters in Mozambique

Mozambique contains extensive protected landscapes, coastal wetlands, river systems, forests and savanna that support both rural livelihoods and wildlife. The country’s conservation areas are not empty wildernesses: nearly all protected areas have human settlements, according to the Wildlife Conservation Network, creating immediate and long-term challenges for conservation management.

For families dependent on farming, fishing, livestock and natural resources, a raid by an elephant or hippo can destroy food and income. For conservation authorities, a large animal moving between a park and a village can become a public-safety emergency. The consequences are therefore social as well as ecological: the World Bank workshop materials describe people being killed or injured, crops being damaged and wild animals being killed by people.

The conflict is particularly visible around major conservation landscapes. In the south, the Limpopo National Park faces pressure along communities, farms and protected-area boundaries. In the north, Niassa Special Reserve is home to more than 60,000 people and contains important elephant and African wild dog populations, making effective conflict mitigation essential to the reserve’s long-term conservation model. In central Mozambique, the recovery of Gorongosa National Park has brought renewed attention to elephant–human interactions as wildlife populations and restoration efforts develop.

The main threats driving conflict

Elephants and crop damage

Elephants are one of the principal species involved in conflict in Mozambique. They may cross park boundaries, use established routes through community land or enter fields during the growing season. Wild at Life reports a seasonal conflict in the Namaacha valley, where a herd of bulls raids nearby community crops and uses a gorge of about 500 metres to cross.

Conflict also affects conservation landscapes in the north. WCS Mozambique’s 2023 annual report records support for HWC mitigation units in Mavago and Marrupa, including the distribution of flares and flashlights, ranger assistance and measures to protect agricultural fields from elephants. These interventions demonstrate why local response capacity matters: communities need practical, safe tools before an animal reaches a field, not only a response after damage has occurred.

Hippos, crocodiles, lions and buffalo

Elephants are not the only concern. Mozambique’s National Administration of Conservation Areas identifies crocodiles, elephants, hippos, lions and buffaloes as the main problematic species in the country’s human–wildlife conflict context. These species create different risks: crocodiles and hippos are especially associated with water access and riverbanks; lions and other carnivores may threaten livestock; and buffalo can cause serious injuries during encounters.

Peace Parks Foundation’s impact reporting illustrates the range of incidents recorded in protected-area landscapes. One reported set of cases involved 10 elephant incidents, two hippo incidents and one buffalo incident; the hippo and buffalo incidents resulted in three serious human injuries. The same report recorded seven lion-related conflict cases and the loss of three cattle in another landscape.

Habitat loss, settlement and land-use pressure

Habitat conversion increases the likelihood that people and wildlife will use the same space. The Wildlife Conservation Network identifies slash-and-burn agriculture, bushmeat hunting, illegal logging, charcoal production and artisanal mining among the pressures affecting Mozambique’s protected areas and surrounding communities. These activities can reduce natural habitat, alter wildlife movement and intensify competition for land and resources.

The problem is not simply that wildlife leaves a park. Where settlements, farms and conservation areas overlap, boundaries may be difficult to defend and wildlife corridors may remain functionally open. World Bank workshop material on the Limpopo National Park highlights limited resources and capacity, as well as inadequate fences, trenches and wildlife corridors, as barriers to effective conflict prevention.

Climate change and extreme weather

Climate change can make conflict less predictable by disrupting the water and food resources on which both people and wildlife depend. WWF reports that Mozambique is experiencing more floods, wildfires, landslides and droughts, alongside less predictable rainfall. When crops fail or water sources become unreliable, households and wildlife may be pushed into closer contact.

Coastal and wetland protection is part of the wider response. An IISD assessment found that restoring and conserving mangroves and wetlands could protect people, support fish and wildlife habitat, reduce soil and water degradation and improve community recovery after storms. The assessment estimated up to US$537.5 million in benefits from an investment of US$41.7 million, but these figures describe the modelled value of nature-based infrastructure, not a direct reduction in human–wildlife conflict incidents.

What is being done to reduce conflict?

Community-led deterrence and HEC toolboxes

Wild at Life has developed mobile human–elephant-conflict toolboxes for district authorities and conservation areas. The toolboxes are intended to give communities and local authorities a rapid-response capability using equipment such as reflective tape, torches and air horns.

In one Maputo Special Reserve location identified as a recurring conflict area, the toolbox remained deployed for four weeks without a registered conflict. During attempted elephant incursions, reflective tape, torchlight and, in one case, an air horn were reported to deter approaching herds. This is a preliminary result from one monitored location, not proof that the method will work everywhere.

Wild at Life also proposes closing an approximately 500-metre elephant crossing gap in Namaacha valley with reflective tape, based on the encouraging test results. The approach is notable because it aims to reduce risk without requiring people to confront elephants directly.

Protected farming and physical barriers

Protected farmland can reduce the cost of coexistence by separating crops from wildlife while keeping communities involved in prevention. A July 2026 report from the Mozambique Wildlife Alliance stated that 18 Protected Farming Communities were operational, covering 993 families across 344 hectares of fenced farmland in more than two landscapes. The organisation reported that several elephant approaches were repelled without crop losses or fence damage.

MWA also reported a 76% fall in conflict cases handled in the areas where it works during the first six months of 2026. This is an organisation-specific caseload statistic, not a national figure. The report said MWA managed 87 cases between January and June, carried out 55 response and prevention actions, and recorded a 97% response success rate from January to May.

In Limpopo, Peace Parks Foundation reported maintenance and firebreak work along a 56-kilometre human–wildlife-conflict barrier fence and around key infrastructure. Fences can help in particular locations, but their performance depends on maintenance, landscape design, animal movement and community acceptance. The World Bank materials caution that fencing and other infrastructure remain constrained by limited funding and capacity.

Rangers, local units and early warning

Local HWC mitigation units connect district authorities, community structures, police or rangers and conservation managers. WCS reported logistical support to units in Mavago and Marrupa, including scaring equipment, ranger deployment and monitoring of carnivore movements near Main-Mavago and Msawise.

A related community model operates around Sabie Game Park. Twenty-one community-elected young people from five Mangalane villages participated in a village scouts programme that reports stray animals, monitors cattle theft, supports fire management and records incidents using the Management Oriented Monitoring System. The example shows the value of locally trusted observers, although the source describes the programme’s structure rather than a national measure of conflict reduction.

Technology and coordinated protected-area management

EarthRanger is a digital platform that combines ranger patrol data, remote imaging and sensor information to support protected-area decisions. A Conservation International project funded by a US$2.4 million Global Environment Facility grant and US$4.8 million in partner co-financing was designed to deploy EarthRanger across six protected areas, including Mozambique’s Limpopo and Zinave national parks, during a three-and-a-half-year period ending in March 2026.

The project’s stated purpose included improving responses to poaching, human–wildlife conflict and habitat loss. Its partners included Conservation International, the Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Mozambique’s National Administration of Conservation Areas, the Mozambique National Sustainable Development Fund, African Parks, Noé, Peace Parks Foundation and WCS. Digital systems do not replace rangers or community knowledge, but they can help managers identify incidents, coordinate teams and understand animal movements more quickly.

Gorongosa: recovery creates both opportunity and responsibility

The rewilding and wildlife-translocation work in Mozambique is relevant to conflict because recovering wildlife populations must be matched by investment in neighbouring communities and safe movement corridors. A 2026 review by Ryan P. Legere and Laura M. Boggess identifies elephant–human interactions as a specific theme in the conservation history of Gorongosa National Park, alongside herbivore restoration, carnivore reintroduction and lion conservation.

The broader lesson is that wildlife recovery is not complete when animals return. In Gorongosa, ecological restoration and community engagement have been central to recovery, while the Wildlife Conservation Network describes the partnership between Mozambique’s ANAC and the Gorongosa Restoration Project as a major source of investment in restoration and community programmes. As wildlife becomes more abundant or expands into former range, conflict prevention must grow with it.

Results and setbacks: what the evidence shows

Evidence or intervention	What was reported	How to interpret it
Maputo Special Reserve HEC toolbox	No conflict was registered at one test location during four weeks; deterrents were observed turning away approaching elephants.	Promising preliminary local evidence, not a national result.
MWA Protected Farming Communities	18 communities, 993 families and 344 hectares of fenced farmland were reported operational in July 2026.	Shows expanding prevention capacity in MWA’s operating areas.
MWA conflict caseload	A 76% decline in cases handled during January–June 2026 was reported, alongside 87 cases and 55 actions.	Organisation-specific data; it cannot represent all Mozambique.
Limpopo landscape	A 56-kilometre conflict barrier fence was maintained and firebreaks were completed around key infrastructure.	Physical prevention requires continuing maintenance and resources.
Niassa Special Reserve	WCS and ANAC signed a co-management agreement; an IUCN-SADC TFCA Financing Facility grant of up to €200,000 supported law enforcement, conflict mitigation and infrastructure.	Partnerships can strengthen delivery, but Niassa still faces poaching, timber trafficking and the challenge of managing a populated reserve.

The overall picture is mixed but constructive. There are measurable successes in targeted programmes, including reported deterrence at a Maputo Special Reserve site, protected farming expansion and coordinated ranger support. At the same time, the country’s authorities and conservation partners continue to work with limited resources, infrastructure gaps and a large population living in or near conservation areas.

Community and tourism’s role

Communities should not be treated merely as buffers between wildlife and protected areas. The most credible programmes in the research give local people roles in reporting, deterrence, monitoring, farming protection or natural-resource governance. The Mangalane village scouts, WCS-supported HWC units and MWA’s Protected Farming Communities all place prevention closer to the people who bear the immediate costs of conflict.

Tourism can contribute when revenue, employment and partnerships support conservation and local livelihoods. The Wildlife Conservation Network describes tourism partnerships and a local conservation economy as part of the positive work associated with the Niassa Lion Project, while Gorongosa’s restoration model combines conservation and community engagement. However, the research does not support a claim that every safari directly funds conflict mitigation. Travellers should ask operators and lodges how they support park management, local employment, community projects and wildlife monitoring.

Visitors can book conservation-supporting safaris on SafariFind, including a comparison of Mozambique’s Gorongosa and Niassa safari parks. The responsible choice is the operator that explains its local partnerships clearly rather than relying on broad conservation claims.

How travellers can help responsibly

• Choose transparent operators. Ask whether the safari company works with ANAC, park management, community organisations or established conservation partners. Specific answers are more useful than generic claims about sustainability.
• Respect wildlife space. Never leave a vehicle or approach an animal without the guide’s instruction. Do not encourage guides to chase, surround or bait animals for photographs.
• Do not visit conflict sites without authorisation. A village, farm or ranger operation is a working community or safety response, not a tourist attraction.
• Support local services. Use locally owned accommodation, guides and suppliers where available, and pay fairly for community-led activities.
• Follow water and fire guidance. Floods, droughts, wildfires and unpredictable rainfall are increasing pressure on people and ecosystems, so basic visitor discipline matters.
• Judge progress honestly. Ask whether reported results cover a specific park, programme or national network. The MWA figures, for example, are explicitly from the areas where that organisation operates, not national statistics.

Human–wildlife conflict in Mozambique will not be solved by one fence, one toolbox or one technology platform. Durable coexistence depends on combining safe community response, competent protected-area management, habitat planning, climate resilience, reliable data and tangible local benefits. The conservation test in 2026 is not simply whether wildlife populations recover; it is whether people living alongside wildlife can remain safe and economically secure while that recovery continues.

Frequently Asked Questions

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the main cause of human–wildlife conflict in Mozambique?

The main causes are close contact between people and wildlife around protected areas, crop and livestock exposure, habitat and land-use pressure, inadequate conflict-prevention infrastructure and climate-related disruption. Mozambique’s conservation authorities identify elephants, crocodiles, hippos, lions and buffaloes among the main problematic species.

Which animals cause the most human–wildlife conflict in Mozambique?

Elephants are a major source of crop-raiding conflict, while crocodiles, hippos, lions and buffaloes also create serious risks to people and livestock. The National Administration of Conservation Areas lists these five groups as the main problematic species in Mozambique.

Where does human–wildlife conflict occur in Mozambique?

Conflict occurs in and around protected landscapes, including Limpopo National Park, Niassa Special Reserve, Maputo Special Reserve and Gorongosa National Park. Incidents are also reported in community areas such as the Namaacha valley and districts including Mavago and Marrupa.

How are elephants being deterred in Mozambique?

Projects use community-led deterrence tools including reflective tape, torches, air horns and flares, alongside ranger response, fencing and early warning. Wild at Life reported no conflict during a four-week test of an HEC toolbox at one Maputo Special Reserve location, but this was a preliminary local result.

Does fencing reduce human–elephant conflict in Mozambique?

Fencing can reduce access to crops in particular locations when it is well designed and maintained. Peace Parks Foundation reported maintenance of a 56-kilometre human–wildlife-conflict barrier fence in the Limpopo landscape, while the World Bank noted that infrastructure and maintenance capacity remain constraints.

What is a Protected Farming Community?

A Protected Farming Community is a community farming area supported by the Mozambique Wildlife Alliance with fencing and conflict-prevention measures intended to protect crops from elephants and other wildlife. MWA reported 18 operational communities covering 993 families and 344 hectares in July 2026.

Is human–wildlife conflict getting worse in Mozambique?

There is no single national trend in the supplied research that can answer this conclusively. Some programmes report substantial local improvements, but Mozambique continues to face habitat pressure, climate disruption, limited resources and infrastructure gaps, so results vary by landscape and organisation.

How does climate change affect human–wildlife conflict in Mozambique?

More floods, wildfires, landslides, droughts and unpredictable rainfall can reduce the reliability of food, water and ecosystem services for both people and wildlife. This can increase pressure on shared landscapes and make conflict timing harder to predict.

Can a safari help reduce human–wildlife conflict in Mozambique?

A safari can contribute when its operator supports responsible protected-area management, local employment, community partnerships or conservation programmes. The research describes tourism partnerships and local conservation economies in some landscapes, but it does not show that every safari directly funds conflict mitigation.

What should travellers do if they see wildlife near a village or farm?

Travellers should not approach, photograph closely or interfere with a conflict response. They should follow the instructions of authorised guides, rangers and community representatives, because conflict sites are safety-sensitive working environments rather than tourist attractions.